Homologous series
It is defined as series of similarly, constituent compounds having same functional group and same chemical properties, and they differ by CH2 group and atomic mass by 14 a.m.u .
IUPAC system (Geneva system)
It is international union of pure & applied Chemistry. This system was introduced in 1947 revised in 1933.According to this name of compound consist of 3 parts that is:
Prefix WordRoot Suffix
Word root: ( Organic Chemistry )
Suffix:
Suffix two types:- 1. Primary (Indicates the bond)
2. Secondary (Indicates the functional group)
Primary Suffix
- Indicate the type of bond between Carbon atoms like:
- Single Bond(ane)
- Double Bond(ene)
- Triple Bond(yne)
- If two or three double or triple bond or present so, they are named as di, tri, tert etc.
Secondary suffix
- Indicate the functional group
Note: While adding secondary suffix to primary suffix ‘e’ of primary suffix is dropped, if sec suffix begins with vowel.
Prefix:
Indicate substituent present in compound.
They can be
- Alkyl group’s (which have one Hydrogen less than alkane).
Example:- CH3– methyl , C2H5 – Ethyl
- Functional group – If more than two functional groups are present, than one is treated as main functional group and other as substituent. The prefix used for functional groups are:
F = Fluoro
Cl = Chloro
Br = Bromo
I = Iodo
NO2+ = Nitro
NH2– = Amino
NO = Nitro
N=N = Diazo
OCH3 = Methoxy
OC2H5 = Ethoxy
OH = Hydroxy
Different Type of Organic Compounds
- Hydrocarbon
They are of two types:
- Saturated
- Unsaturated
Saturated: They are called as Alkanes (paraffins) with general formula CnH2n+2
Unsaturated: They are also called as olefins. They may be –
- Alkenes (general formula CnH2n).
- Alkynes (general formula CnH2n-2.).
10 = If carbon atom is joined one other Carbo atom(primary)
20 = If carbon atom is joined two other Carbo atom(secondary)
30 = If carbon atom is joined three other Carbo atom(tertiary)
40 = If carbon atom is joined four other Carbo atom(quaternary)
Alkyl halides (Haloalkanes)
Like in CH4 the one Hydrogen atom is replaced by Halogen. So, it becomes CH3Cl . The general name of it is Haloalkane.
Formula :- CnH2n+1(RX)