Lesson: Types of chemical bond || Factors affecting the formation of ionic bond || General properties of ionic compounds
About Lesson
Types of chemical bond
- Electrovalent or ionic bond
- Covalent bond
- Coordinate bond
Ionic bond and factors affecting it
- It is formed by transfer of electrons.
- It is formed between metal and no metal.
- In it metal always loses electrons and non-metal always accepts electron.
For example:
- Sodium chloride
Factors affecting the formation of ionic bond
The factors are:
- Low ionization energy
- High electron affinity
- High lattice enthalpy
- Low ionization energy: The metals with low ionization energy favor the formation of ionic bond. As lower is the ionization energy more readily it will lose electrons.
- High electron gain enthalpy: The non-metal participating should have high electron gain enthalpy because more it will have attraction, for upcoming electron more readily the bond will be formed.
- Lattice enthalpy: It is the amount of energy needed to break one mole of bonds into its constituents, or the energy released when constituents combine to form on 1 mole of a compound. More is the lattice energy, more stable is the bond formed. All the compounds in which ionic bond is present are called as ionic compounds.
General properties of ionic compounds:
- Physical state: They form definite pattern that is crystal lattice. Crystal lattice is 3D arrangement of cation and an anion.
For example, in NaCl crystal due to crystal formation they all are solids due to strong bonding between constituents.
- Melting and boiling point: They have high melting and boiling points because of strong attraction between constituents.
- Solubility: We know like dissolves like. So, polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents. Now, ionic compounds have a charge that is they are polar. Therefore, they will dissolve in polar solvents like water. So, all ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in organic solvents.
- Electrical conductivity: It is due to free movement of free ions when ionic compound is dissolved in water. When dissolved they break into ions and conduct electricity.
- Non directional in nature: When we are talking of directions in 3D structure, we are talking about 3 coordinate .So, in NaCl or any other ionic compounds the ion can take place in any direction .There direction is not fixed. Therefore, they are non-directional in nature.
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Lesson List
CHAPTER 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM
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CHAPTER 3: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements ?
3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification
3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the present form of the Periodic Table
3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100
3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table
3.6 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: s-, p-, d-, f – Blocks
3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
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CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
4.1 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
4.2 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
4.3 Bond Parameters
4.4 The Valence Shell Election Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
4.5 Valence Bond Theory
4.6 Hybridisation
4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory
4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
4.9 Hydrogen Bonding
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CHAPTER 5: STATE OF MATTER
Section Name Topic Name
5 States of Matter
5.1 Intermolecular Forces
5.2 Thermal Energy
5.3 Intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions
5.4 The Gaseous State
5.5 The Gas Laws
5.6 Ideal Gas Equation
5.7 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds
5.8 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
5.9 Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
5.10 Liquefaction of Gases
5.11 Liquid State
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CHAPTER 6: THERMODYNAMICS
Section Name Topic Name
6 Thermodynamics
6.1 Thermodynamic Terms
6.2 Applications
6.3 Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry
6.4 Enthalpy Change, ∆rH of a Reaction – Reaction Enthalpy
6.5 Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions
6.6 Spontaneity
6.7 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
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CHAPTER 7: EQUILIBRIUM
Section Name Topic Name
7 Equilibrium
7.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes
7.2 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium
7.3 Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
7.4 Homogeneous Equilibria
7.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria
7.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants
7.7 Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G
7.8 Factors Affecting Equilibria
7.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts
7.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases
7.12 Buffer Solutions
7.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
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CHAPTER 8: REDOX REACTIONS
Section Name Topic Name
8 Redox Reactions
8.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
8.2 Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions
8.3 Oxidation Number
8.4 Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
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CHAPTER 9: HYDROGEN
Section Name Topic Name
9 Hydrogen
9.1 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
9.2 Dihydrogen, H2
9.3 Preparation of Dihydrogen, H2
9.4 Properties of Dihydrogen
9.5 Hydrides
9.6 Water
9.7 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2 O2)
9.8 Heavy Water,D2O
9.9 Dihydrogen as a Fuel
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CHAPTER 10: S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
10 The s-Block Elements
10.1 Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals
10.2 General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
10.3 Anomalous Properties of Lithium
10.4 Some Important Compounds of Sodium
10.5 Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
10.6 Group 2 Elements : Alkaline Earth Metals
10.7 General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals
10.8 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
10.9 Some Important Compounds of Calcium
10.10 Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium
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CHAPTER 11: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
11 The p-Block Elements
11.1 Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family
11.2 Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
11.3 Some Important Compounds of Boron
11.4 Uses of Boron and Aluminium and their Compounds
11.5 Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
11.6 Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
11.7 Allotropes of Carbon
11.8 Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
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CHAPTER 12: CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
Section Name Topic Name
12 Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
12.1 General Introduction
12.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds
12.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
12.4 Classification of Organic Compounds
12.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
12.6 Isomerism
12.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
12.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
12.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
12.10 Quantitative Analysis
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CHAPTER 13: HYDROCARBON
Section Name Topic Name
13 Hydrocarbons
13.1 Classification
13.2 Alkanes
13.3 Alkenes
13.4 Alkynes
13.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbon
13.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
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CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Section Name Topic Name
14 Environmental Chemistry
14.1 Environmental Pollution
14.2 Atmospheric Pollution
14.3 Water Pollution
14.4 Soil Pollution
14.5 Industrial Waste
14.6 Strategies to control Environmental Pollution
14.7 Green Chemistry
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