About Lesson
Introduction
Everything in our surroundings are known as matter. They may be the food we eat, the vehicles, the gadgets, the day to day materials that we use, the air we breathe or the water that we drink. All of these things occupy some space and have mass and volume. For instance, in classrooms the benches that the students use to sit occupy some space of the classroom. They have mass and volume and hence they can be regarded as matter.
According to the Indian philosophers matter can classified into five primitive elements. They are also known as Pancha Tatva– air, soil, fire, and water. Every living or non-living is made up these five primitive elements.
Liquid State
- A liquid has no definite shape and takes up the shape of the container in which it is kept.
- A liquid has a definite volume due to weaker intermolecular force of attraction than solids.
- They can flow from a higher lever to a lower level.
- A liquid is compressible due to larger distance between the neighbouring molecules than solid but lesser than gas.
- They have lower density.
- A liquid can diffuse into another liquid due to fact that molecules move faster in a liquid but is slower as compared to gases.
Gaseous State
- They do not have definite shape and take up the shape of the container.
- They do not possess definite volume due to weakest intermolecular forces.
- They are not rigid.
- They are easily compressible due to excess space between the particles of gas which compresses on applying pressure.
- They can easily undergo diffusion due to the fact that molecules in a gas move at a very fast rate due to which speed of diffusion is very large.
- They can flow in all possible directions.
Exercise Files
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Lesson List
CHAPTER 1: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 2: STRUCTURE OF ATOM
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CHAPTER 3: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
3 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
3.1 Why do we Need to Classify Elements ?
3.2 Genesis of Periodic Classification
3.3 Modern Periodic Law and the present form of the Periodic Table
3.4 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Numbers > 100
3.5 Electronic Configurations of Elements and the Periodic Table
3.6 Electronic Configurations and Types of Elements: s-, p-, d-, f – Blocks
3.7 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements
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CHAPTER 4: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
4 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
4.1 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding
4.2 Ionic or Electrovalent Bond
4.3 Bond Parameters
4.4 The Valence Shell Election Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
4.5 Valence Bond Theory
4.6 Hybridisation
4.7 Molecular Orbital Theory
4.8 Bonding in Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
4.9 Hydrogen Bonding
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CHAPTER 5: STATE OF MATTER
Section Name Topic Name
5 States of Matter
5.1 Intermolecular Forces
5.2 Thermal Energy
5.3 Intermolecular Forces vs Thermal Interactions
5.4 The Gaseous State
5.5 The Gas Laws
5.6 Ideal Gas Equation
5.7 Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speeds
5.8 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
5.9 Behaviour of Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Gas Behaviour
5.10 Liquefaction of Gases
5.11 Liquid State
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CHAPTER 6: THERMODYNAMICS
Section Name Topic Name
6 Thermodynamics
6.1 Thermodynamic Terms
6.2 Applications
6.3 Measurement of ∆U and ∆H: Calorimetry
6.4 Enthalpy Change, ∆rH of a Reaction – Reaction Enthalpy
6.5 Enthalpies for Different Types of Reactions
6.6 Spontaneity
6.7 Gibbs Energy Change and Equilibrium
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CHAPTER 7: EQUILIBRIUM
Section Name Topic Name
7 Equilibrium
7.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes
7.2 Equilibrium in Chemical Processes – Dynamic Equilibrium
7.3 Law of Chemical Equilibrium and Equilibrium Constant
7.4 Homogeneous Equilibria
7.5 Heterogeneous Equilibria
7.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants
7.7 Relationship between Equilibrium Constant K, Reaction Quotient Q and Gibbs Energy G
7.8 Factors Affecting Equilibria
7.9 Ionic Equilibrium in Solution
7.10 Acids, Bases and Salts
7.11 Ionization of Acids and Bases
7.12 Buffer Solutions
7.13 Solubility Equilibria of Sparingly Soluble Salts
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CHAPTER 8: REDOX REACTIONS
Section Name Topic Name
8 Redox Reactions
8.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions-Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
8.2 Redox Reactions in Terms of Electron Transfer Reactions
8.3 Oxidation Number
8.4 Redox Reactions and Electrode Processes
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CHAPTER 9: HYDROGEN
Section Name Topic Name
9 Hydrogen
9.1 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table
9.2 Dihydrogen, H2
9.3 Preparation of Dihydrogen, H2
9.4 Properties of Dihydrogen
9.5 Hydrides
9.6 Water
9.7 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2 O2)
9.8 Heavy Water,D2O
9.9 Dihydrogen as a Fuel
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CHAPTER 10: S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
10 The s-Block Elements
10.1 Group 1 Elements: Alkali Metals
10.2 General Characteristics of the Compounds of the Alkali Metals
10.3 Anomalous Properties of Lithium
10.4 Some Important Compounds of Sodium
10.5 Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium
10.6 Group 2 Elements : Alkaline Earth Metals
10.7 General Characteristics of Compounds of the Alkaline Earth Metals
10.8 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium
10.9 Some Important Compounds of Calcium
10.10 Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium
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CHAPTER 11: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Section Name Topic Name
11 The p-Block Elements
11.1 Group 13 Elements: The Boron Family
11.2 Important Trends and Anomalous Properties of Boron
11.3 Some Important Compounds of Boron
11.4 Uses of Boron and Aluminium and their Compounds
11.5 Group 14 Elements: The Carbon Family
11.6 Important Trends and Anomalous Behaviour of Carbon
11.7 Allotropes of Carbon
11.8 Some Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon
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CHAPTER 12: CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND
Section Name Topic Name
12 Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles and Techniques
12.1 General Introduction
12.2 Tetravalence of Carbon: Shapes of Organic Compounds
12.3 Structural Representations of Organic Compounds
12.4 Classification of Organic Compounds
12.5 Nomenclature of Organic Compounds
12.6 Isomerism
12.7 Fundamental Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanism
12.8 Methods of Purification of Organic Compounds
12.9 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
12.10 Quantitative Analysis
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CHAPTER 13: HYDROCARBON
Section Name Topic Name
13 Hydrocarbons
13.1 Classification
13.2 Alkanes
13.3 Alkenes
13.4 Alkynes
13.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbon
13.6 Carcinogenicity and Toxicity
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CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Section Name Topic Name
14 Environmental Chemistry
14.1 Environmental Pollution
14.2 Atmospheric Pollution
14.3 Water Pollution
14.4 Soil Pollution
14.5 Industrial Waste
14.6 Strategies to control Environmental Pollution
14.7 Green Chemistry
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